Contents

1. Introduction
2. Shaivism
3. Vaishnavism
4. Shaktism
5. Smarta Tradition
6. Source 

Introduction

Hinduism is one of the oldest and most complex religions in the world. It is also one of the few major religions that does not have a single founder, text, or unified system of belief. As a result, it is divided into a wide variety of sects, each with its own distinct rituals and beliefs.

The most prominent sects in Hinduism can generally be classified into four main groups: Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Smarta Tradition. Each sect has its own unique teachings based on different interpretations of Hindu scriptures such as Bhagavad Gita and Ramayana. Shaivism focuses on the worship of Shiva as the Supreme God; Vaishnavism emphasizes devotion to Vishnu; Shaktism centres around the veneration of Shakti (the female divine energy); while Smarta Tradition honours all five major gods equally.

Shaivism

Shaivism is one of the major sects of Hinduism, and it focuses on veneration and devotion to the deity Shiva. This group of philosophical traditions has a rich history dating back centuries, with many original texts written during this time. Shaivism is known for its complex theology which stresses a variety of spiritual paths that all lead to ultimate liberation from rebirth. Followers of Shaivism emphasize practices such as yoga, mantra recitation, and meditation. They also practice Bhakti yoga which involves intense devotion to Shiva and other forms he may take such as Nataraja or Ardhanarishvara. Central to Shaivism is the understanding that Shiva exists in all things and can be experienced through various forms in nature or within oneself.

Vaishnavism

Vaishnavism is a significant sect within the Hindu tradition and has adherents throughout India and beyond. Vaishnavism emphasizes bhakti, or devotion to Vishnu, one of the primary deities in Hinduism. It is believed that Vishnu incarnates as different avatars such as Rama, Krishna and Vamana on earth to restore order when it is lost.

The traditions relating to Vaishnavism are found in both ancient scriptures such as the Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana and Puranas, as well as later devotional literature like Alvars or hymns composed by poets belonging to various sects such as Sri Sampradaya and Madhva Sampradaya.

Shaktism

Shaktism is a sect of Hinduism that focuses on the divine feminine. It was established as a distinct sect in India during the 10th century and has since spread to other countries around the world. The primary belief held by Shakti practitioners is that all of reality, both physical and spiritual, is made up of two primal forces: one male (or Shiva) and one female (or Shakti). As such, they emphasize worshipping the female figure in order to achieve a greater understanding of not only their own spiritual journey but also their connection with the broader universe.

The sects of Shaktism vary greatly depending on geographical area and local customs, but all share a fundamental principle; namely that Shakti (the female energy) should be placed at the centre.

Smarta Tradition

The practice of Smarta Tradition has been an integral part of Hinduism for centuries. Originating from the Vedic scriptures, the Smarta tradition emphasizes on the worship of five primary deities: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti and Ganesha. The sect is mainly based on the observance of ritualistic practices and specific rules and regulations set out in the texts.

This system falls under one of four primary denominations within Hinduism that include Vaishnavism (devotion to Lord Vishnu), Shaivism (devotion to Lord Shiva), Shaktism (devotion to Goddess Shakti) and Smarta-tradition (worshipping all 5 gods equally). These sects are accepted as equally valid paths towards achieving spiritual growth and enlightenment within the religion.

Source 

An Introduction to Hinduism by Gavin D.Flood 1996.